
444 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

Shelf _c^.i..Qla 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 





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VA 



Pe5or] irv Ip^ 

Tke N2;.Iion2i.I Sp^^- 

/ (§)UlpJ^\ir, Litl^ia and . . . 

ji © ©J^alybeate (giprin^^ 

Harroaale . ~\l 
S^ Willi am 5t:~ ^iew VopjJ^ ;v4^^ 




(2urQbcplar}d . (Sap Parl^ 

©A Isuxurious |fGaltl7 I^esort in \\\q (Jumberlar\d Mountains 

Situated near (Cumberland daf), fpenn. 

4ir poar Seasons' j+ofel ♦ ^asino ^^ Sanatorium ^^ 



THB NKTIONT^L- SPK 

WAK 



§ulph?ur, Isifljia and ^Jjalybeate §prin^s 



OPEN THROUGHOUT THE YEAR 



j+arfo^afe, ffenn., or 58 C/9illiam Street, )<eW ^orR 






Copyright, iSq2, bv 
The Cumberland Gap Park Co. 



Cumberland Gap Park 



Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia 



IT is a somewhat remarkable fact that no well-conducted health "resort or Sanatorium exists in America to-day, such as are to 
be found in many parts of the United Kingdom or the Continent. It is true that in various places in the United States there 
are a number of well-patronized and profitable establishments which, as a rule, are located in regions possessing natural 
attractions, but these are very often built with an utter disregard of all sanitary laws. 

It cannot be denied that certain natural aids are indispensable to the physician, though often disregarded as means, for the 
relief, especially, of exhausting and chronic diseases; and the establishment of a well-managed resort, placed in a part of the country 
which possesses a high average of general excellence, so far as climate, altitude, drainage and accessibility are concerned, not to speak 
of such attractions and beneficial adjuvants as mineral springs and hydrotherapy, must be a success. 

There are a large number of invalids who are unable to stay at home throughout the year, but make it a study to find some 
place in which to exist. These people, with surprising care, investigate the variations of climate and soil. They soon learn that one 
place is endurable in January and February, and another entirely incompatible with health or comfort during these months; so that 
they migrate from one resort to another, as restless as nomads, and with a constant fear of a change of air that will compel them to 
hurriedly seek new abiding-places. Many of these individuals are obliged to leave comfortable and luxurious homes; and, with the 
exception of a very few well-built hotels, most of the places they frequent are of the ordinary summer-hotel order. Comfort, to the 
invalid, is a prime necessity; "roughing it" is out of the question; and the change from home should be an imperceptible one. 

The claims of East Tennessee as a health resort are certainly second to none on the American continent, situated as it is in the 
very center of the United States at about the _55th parallel, far removed from the sea-coast, and possessing an altitude which is sufficient, 
without being too great, for the comfort of persons suffering especially from pulmonary diseases. Although there are many health 
resorts in America that are sought after, and for the most part well patronized, during the winter months, there is none of which we 



BarbourvLMe 












Tazewell o^jp ^p^Lflffe 



are aware that possesses the average advantages of the region about Cumberland Gap. 
The shortcomings of better-known places are manifold, some being low and swampy 
and possessing the only merit of a warm winter climate, while the altitude of others is 
perchance most trying, unless the patient seeks them with the approval of an intelligent 
and discriminating physician; for he is very apt to 
suffer various discomforts, and possibly an aggra- 
vation of his condition. Colorado, for instance, is 
a beautiful place, and is certainly one in which a 
limited number of consumptives can live in greater 
comfort than elsewhere; but it is indisputable that 
a large number of patients who find their way there 
are obliged to leave soon afterward, when a pul- 
monary hemorrhage, or high degree of nervous- 
ness, signals the detrimental effect of a too rarified 
air. Observant medical men cannot disregard the 
fact that epileptics and other nervous sufferers 
are much worse in high mountainous countries, 
and other forms of convulsive and spasmodic dis- 
orders are aggravated by a residence in these places. 
In certain parts of the Rocky Mountains, notably 
at Leadville, there is a local form of nervous dis- 
turbance which is expressed by congestion of the brain, restlessness, with reactionary fatigue, and sometimes a condition of 
excitement which often approaches insanity in degree. 

The resorts of the far South are apt to be malarial, the nights are damp, and the glare of the sun during the day is 
exceedingly disagreeable. 

In the selection of an all-the-year-around home for invalids, many things are to be considered, but of course the geographical 
situation is of paramount importance. It cannot be denied that those regions lying between the 30th and 40th parallels are the most 
healthful in the United States ; and a point somewhat between these extremes has been found by actual statistics to furnish the lowest 
death-rate, so far as natural causes are concerned. 

4 




E Ji9 

lynardville o ^3 




Morlstowno _x^ 



.^f^^'^N .W^WC A R O L I N A 



From Harper's Magazin 



CopyrtBbi, 1890, by Harper ( 



The district immediately east of tiie Appalachian chain, in which is situated Claiborne County, Tennessee, has always 

maintained a high reputation, so far as the low death-rate and infrequency of illness are concerned. Not only does this region, but 

that lying close by in North Carolina, present phenomenal statistics. The census of 1880, as well as the reports of the Chief Signal 

Officer of the United States, give the following ratio of deaths from consumption in Claiborne County, Tennessee, us compared to 

that of other places: , ^ n • ^■ 

■^ In 100,000 of Population. 

Claiborne County, Tenn., .... 57 Pennsylvania, iSO 

Illinois, ISO Michigan, isq 

Missouri, . . . . . . . . IS2 Maryland, ....... 177 

Ohio 171 New York 207 

Indiana 193 New Hampshire, 24^ 

New Jersey. 2^4 Massachusetts 277 

In the "Introductory and Explanatoiv Remarks" to the volume of Mortality and Vital Statistics, census of 1880, the 

editor says: 

"Probably one of the best methods of comparing the healthfulness of the States and Territories which the census figures 

will permit us to use, is by a comparison of the proportion of deaths reported as occurring among those infants born during 

the census year." 

A table from such data shows as follows : 

Claiborne County, Tenn., 77.7; Ohio, 112; Kansas, 114: California, 117; Illinois. 122; Massachusetts, 200. 

It will be seen that thirty-four more infants reach one year of age, in the thousand, born in Claiborne County, than in Ohio, 

and one hundred and twenty-two more than in Massachusetts. 

Climate. 

The climate is a mean between that of North and South, and persons from every section would not have to pass through that 
sometimes critical condition called "becoming acclimated." 

The summer at Cumberland Gap would have a mean temperature of about 70 degrees F., while the winter would have one 
of about 40 degrees, or about 8 degrees above freezing. Compare the winter mean with that of St. Paul, Minnesota, 17 degrees; 
Des Moines, Iowa, 23 degrees; Albany, N. Y., is degrees; Detroit, Michigan, 26 degrees; or Columbus, Ohio, a trifle over }2 
degrees, or the temperature at which water freezes. 




THE "FOUR SEASONS" HOTEL. 



Absolute Humidity. 

Absolute huniiditv is the >iinount of moisture in a cubic foot of air. 



Expressed in Grains. 

Table of absolute humiditv expressed in a scale of ten; ten being complete saturation. 



San Antonio, Texas, 
Cumberland Gap Region, 



Spring-. 


Summer. 


Autumn. 


Winler 


s.s 


7-S 


s.s 


3.0 


2 S 


6.5 


4.0 


2.S 



Rainfall. 

During the autumn and winter months, the rainfall is ten inches less than throughout the greater part of Ohio, Indiana and 
Illinois. This is of the highest importance to the seeker after health, as it admits of a great deal of out-door exercise in a dry air on 
dry ground. 

When we examine the statistics of temperature, we are immediately impressed with the fact that the extremes are anything 
but great, the summer heat never being relaxing, nor the winter so cold as to be trying to the delicate. Even in the hottest summer 
weather the nights are cool. 

The air of this region is exceedingly pure and bracing, though there is none of the over-stimulation which is often found in 
places of higher altitude. 

The elevation is from 1 100 to nearly 1000 feet above the sea, and the valley east of Cumberland Gap is surrounded by an 
amphitheater of hills which fully protect it from strong winds, while the character of the soil and its surface render drainage as near 
perfection as it possibly could be. The prevailing winds are southwest, northeast, north, south, west, east, calm, northwest, south- 
east ; in the order of frequency. 

It will be noted by the medical man that such a region possesses unusual advantages for the establishment not onlv of a place 
for treatment, but that it will undoubtedly be chosen, when known, by persons of delicate health as a permanent abode. 

Captain, now Dr. William M. Polk, who, during the late civil war, spent some time at Cumberland Gap, says: "There is no 
healthier spot in America." 



Where the average advantages are so great, it will be no longer necessary to take long and tiresome journeys hither and 
thither winter and summer, with all the incident fatigue of travel — its discomforts and the possible aggravation of existing maladies 
by sudden variations in the mode of life, food, water and local surroundings. 

For the relief of pulmonary, nervous and skin affections, it will be seen at a glance that Cumberland Gap offers a decided show 
of benefit. Throat affections, chronic digestive disorders, rheumatic troubles and gout, must be ameliorated as well, not only by the 
influences of climate, but by the judicious use of the many different mineral waters. 

Bronchial affections are practically unknown' in this neighborhood, and nervous disorders are equally rare. 




The Project 



WHHN the proposition was made, two years ago, to establisii a winter and summer resort in the eastern valley of the 
Cumberland Mountains, near the Cumberland Gap, upon the plan of some of the famous European spas, to be inter- 
national in character, and under the direction of medical men of undoubted position in their profession, the project was 
regarded as an impossibility. But American enterprise has asserted itself and, under the skillful hands of a small army of 
earnest workers whose ranks contain some of the most distinguished men in their respective professions in the country, Cumberland 
Gap Park has come to be a fact. The wild and rugged region has been brought into easy communication with all parts of the 
country, its natural beauties have been developed, and to-day we find an international resort quite unique in character, of which the 
social as well as the pecuniary success is assured. 

The buildings are to be three in number, the Hotel, Sanatorium and Casino, which are situated in a beautiful park, connected 
by macadamized roads, and are within easy reach of the Springs. They are located upon a gentle slope, the Sanatorium occupying 
a site with an elevation of about isoo feet above the level of the sea, while the Hotel is upon one slightly lower, two or three 
hundred yards away, and the Casino is to be midway between the two. 

The grounds have been laid out under the direction of Col. Geo. E. Waring and a corps of landscape gardeners. 

The buildings were designed by Mr. Wm. B. Bigelow (originally of the firm of McKim, Mead & Bigelow), a graduate of the 
Ecole des Beaux Arts, whose plans received a great deal of praise when they were exhibited in the collection of the American 
Architects" League, in 1890. in New York. 

The Hotel itself is one of the largest and most magnificent of its kind in the country, and accommodates over five hundred 
guests. All of its appointments are of the most luxurious description, and every convenience is provided for the comfort of the large 
class of health-seekers who come to this beautiful spot. 

Great pains have been taken to secure a competent manager, and the Company has engaged Mr. Henry Clair, whose 
well-earned reputation as Manager of the Metropolitan, Park Avenue, and other hotels in New-York City and Chicago, as well as the 
Grand Union at Saratoga, is sufficient evidence of his capacity to properly preside over its hotels. He has for several months 
been in its service, and his great experience has enabled him to surround himself with a staff of competent aids. 




THE SANATORIUM . 



♦ ♦ The ''Four Seasons" Hotel 



THE ground plan of the "Four Seasons" Hotel is in the form of a central building, with wings at either end at 4S° to 
the main building; this, in conjunction with the orientation of the building, makes an arrangement by which the sun 
will shine into every room in the house. The main building has a front of 300 feet, and each wing a front of 200 feet, 
in all 700 feet; and the location is such upon the sloping hillside that the ground floor, whilst about on a level with the ten acres 
of formal garden in the rear, is on an average of about ten feet above the ground in front, insuring an unobstructed view of the great 
Cumberland Valley, with its ranges of hills on the left hand, or west, terminating in the picturesque Pinnacle Rock and the famous 
Cumberland Gap. On the right hand a less elevated mountain country shows range upon range of hills, and on clear days one 
can discern from the Pinnacle the shadowy outlines of the great Smoky Mountains. The entrance to the hotel is in the center, with 
shaded piazzas along the front, connecting with the cafe terrace on the right, and with the ladies' entrance on the left. The 
road forming the main approach rises by an easy grade from the Harrogate Station, about a mile away, and, winding once or twice 
as it approaches to overcome the elevation, gives one glimpses of the Hotel, Casino and Sanatorium, and the general landscape. 

The entrance colonnade is conceived in a style similar to the old colonial mansions, with tall fluted columns and wide 
stairways, and leads to the main hall, 7s feet square — the great central distributing point, the brain, as it were, of this complex 
hostelry. Here will be found the clerk's office, the bureau of administration, the elevator to the upper floors, reception-rooms, 
reading-rooms, news-stands, telegraph office, and the many necessaries and luxuries essential to comfort. Broad galleries lead to the 



dining-rooms, drawing-rooms, cafe, etc., and passing tiirougii the hall one comes out upon the formal gardens mentioned above, a 
space of about ten acres, which has been leveled off on the hillside, and laid out and planted by the most expert landscape gardeners. 
This garden is so protected by the hills behind and the buildings that the winter winds have not a chance, whilst it is open toward 
the south to give the cool summer breezes every opportunity. 

One wing, the more southerly, has apartments on the ground floor; the other wing contains the dining-room, breakfast-room 
and cafe. The kitchen, laundry and servants' quarters generally are in a wing yet beyond, connected by a passageway. 

The public rooms are worthy of a more extended description: v 

The dining-room is 30 by 160 feet, with a large half-circular bay on one side opening on to the winter porch enclosed in glass 
and heated, where meals are served overlooking the gardens; on the other side of the dining-room numerous smaller bays make 
pleasant corners for smaller parties, with views over the valley to the mountains. The breakfast-room opens off the dining-room 
between it and the cafe, which occupies the corner formed by the main building and the wing under the tower. Next to the cafe, 
as one passes toward the hall, are the reading, smoking and conversation rooms on the front. Passing through the hall again, we 
come to the salon, a great room so by 130 feet, with deep bay windows, open fires, and views both ways to the gardens and 
mountains. Beyond the salon is the ladies' entrance, with ample and separate hall, dressing-rooms and cloak-rooms, and beyond 
that are the private apartments on the ground floor. There is a commodious elevator and five public stairways leading to the 
floors above. 

The rooms above are subdivided in the most diverse ways so as to suit every possible taste, from the great suite over the entrance, 
larger than the average house, to the modest bachelor's room, just large enough for his needs. But every room without exception 
has sunlight, fresh air and view. There are no so-called courts and no well-holes, and a special feature are the suites so arranged that 
one may have a parlor or large bedroom and smaller bedroom and complete bathroom, or, if desired, two large and two smaller 
rooms and bath, all on a private hall, so that one door closes off the whole suite from the public hallways. 

The electric lighting and heating, besides the many open fires, the electric call bells, and the arrangements for prompt service, 
the ventilation, in fact, all the comforts and conveniences that modern ingenuity has devised, have been worked out with the greatest 
care, and no money has been spared to make them perfect. 

The culinary arrangements embody all the latest improvements and make the kitchen well worthy a visit. 

It is the aim of the management to avoid useless display and ostentation, and every arrangement has been made to secure 
above all things the comfort of their guests. The English and Swiss systems of hotel-keeping are those upon which that of the 
"Four Seasons" has been modeled, and it is intended, if good discipline and generous provision mean anything at all, that this 
Hotel shall be without a rival. 



The " Four Seasons •• Hotel is in no way intended for persons wiio are very ill. or whose maladies are likely to render them 
disagreeable to others who simply desire change or recreation; and the original idea of the projectors has been earned out so that 
anot'her buildin<^ in every way equally comfortable has been provided for the former, where they may have the advantages of the best 
medical care, treatment and nursins,^. yet so near the Hotel that they can be visited by their friends, and in one way, though entirely 
distinct in its administration, it may be said to be an annex of the latter. The additional advantages to the patient, those of quiet and 
rest, are very great, and to some people absolutely necessary. 

Careful attention has been paid to the construction of the Sanatorium, which is as well built and arranged as any structure ol 
its kind in the world; for the architect has profited by the counsel of Dr. John S. Billings, of the United States Army, whose 
distin-ruished services in connection with the famous Johns Hopkins Hospital have gained for him an international reputation. In this 
buildincr all manner of new scientific and sanitary appliances have been adopted, so that the temperature can be kept at a ti.xed 
standard if necessary, while the ventilation is automatic and the walls aseptic. The institution contains accommodations for about 
one hundred patients, with dining-rooms, drawing-rooms, etc., and is under the charge of an executive head and two physicians 
selected for their experience in the treatment of the class of cases seeking the benefits of such a place. These gentlemen have been 
chosen after an examination bv the Advisory Medical Board, which includes the names of some of the best-known physicians in 








America and Europe, and who have kindly consented to give the benefit of their experience and counsel to the directors of the 
Cumberland Gap Park Company. All of the local staff have had actual medical experience besides hospital training. The modern 
system of nursing is so important, that graduated nurses have been engaged who have served in the Bellevue and New York Hospital 



Training Schools, and- a corps of uniformed male and female nurses attend to the wants of all patients in the Sanatorium. It is 
possible in this place to supply invalids with a most carefully selected diet, as it contains a kitchen of its own. 

Much of the success which follows the treatment at the different foreign spas depends upon the medical discipline and the 
directions given by the resident physicians, and those who go to Cumberland Gap strictly in search of health, and who are impressed 
with the necessity of getting well, can follow a regimen which in every way resembles that in vogue at German and French spas. 

Baths. 

No expense has been spared to render the Baths in the Casino as luxurious and elaborate as they can be made, and many 
months of study have been devoted to the proper arrangement of this part of the building, a member of the Directory having visited 
many of the Algerian watering-places for this purpose. The Turkish Bath, is in many respects, modeled upon that in the Rue de 
I'Etat Major in the city of Algiers. 

Oriental massage and bathing may be indulged in upon the first floor of the Sanatorium, where there are several plunges and 
swimming-pools supplied' with clear spring water occupying a considerable portion of the floor space; beside these, atomizing 
chambers, and all those various appliances of modern hydrotherapy which are now so common in France and Germany, have been 
supplied, and the system of forcible douches controlled by a skilled operator has also been adopted. 

There is also an ingenious system of hot vapor baths, so arranged that patients can with little trouble avail themselves of 
medicated pine-needle, sassafras, mercurial and sulphur baths; and a special apparatus has been devised for the employment of brine 
atomizations or dry salt baths. 

Department of Massage and Gymnastics. 

A feature of the Sanatorium is a special department for the treatment of disease by massage and mechanical means, which is 
under the immediate charge of Prof. Lindhe, until lately a director of the famous Medico-Orthopedic Institute of Norrkoeting, Sweden, 
and an ex-officer of the Swedish army. Prof Lindhe has been engaged at a larger salary, and has recently returned from Europe, 
where he has been, in the interests of the Company, investigating the latest advances in his specialty. The treatment consists of the 
systems originated by P. Lings, Sanders, and Metzger, the latter being that which was so successfully used in the case of the Empress 
of Austria, and is now universally employed throughout Europe. Mr. Lindhe also makes use of Kellgrenn's and Wolf's treatment. 

14 




Amusements ♦ ♦ 



PERHAPS one of the most deplorable features of a majority of health-resorts is the absence of all ordinary amusement; 
at the best, a stroll through a dull village or uninviting stretch of woods, a siesta upon a wind-swept piazza or in a dreary, 
plastered hall, with complaining invalids as companions, is the sum of the attractions. To some of us, the memory of a 
badly attuned band and a cold, barn-like " parlor," comes dismally enough, and the desperate efforts of the younger people of both 
sexes, who pay for their pleasure and are determined to have it, are particularly conspicuous on rainy days. 

Cumberland Gap Park possesses sufficient attractions to make even an extended stay in the charming mountain region of East 
Tennessee so pleasant a one as to enable the tired business or professional man to forget his cares, while the bright tints of health 
are brought to the pale cheek of the weary invalid, and even the ennui of the bored pleasure-seeker is promptly driven away. 

The internal arrangements and decorations of the buildings are homelike and beautiful, while the rooms of all kinds have been 
arranged and furnished primarily with reference to comfort. Glass-enclosed piazzas, which are well warmed, have been provided, 
and there is enough room for the person who desires to escape from the society of his fellows. The tables in the reading-rooms 

15 



contain something besides ordinary hotel papers and garish advertising mediums ; many foreign and American journals are subscribed 
for. and may be read before the cheeriest of wood fires and the softened light of the most perfect electric lamps. 

Foi- those who desire more active pleasures, ample lawn-tennis courts, base-ball, golf and cricket grounds are designed, as well 
as facilities for out-door sports of all kinds. Well-arranged billiard-rooms for men and women, and a large ball-room and theater, 
supplied with piano and organ, are to be provided in the Casino, and the theater will include a well-equipped stage. 

The Casino, as its name implies, is intended to be entirely for purposes of recreation. The handsome theater is to be well 
ventilated and lighted, and from time to time regular professional performances will be provided by the best traveling companies. 
Concerts are to be given here twice daily by a carefully selected band; in fact, it is the intention of the management to give this 




feature great prominence, and the musical tastes of all classes will be consulted. During the morning, the band will play at the 
Casino from eleven until one, and again in the afternoon. Two regular dances, on Wednesday and Saturday nights, are to be given 
in the ball-room ; and the services of the band may be engaged for private dinners and performances at other times. 

It will be seen that the different buildings are in every way distinct, and that the tastes and conditions of all the guests are 
carefully looked after. The real invalid has the quiet and attention his condition demands, whilst he who goes for simple rest is 
spared the noise and gaiety of the ordinary health-resort, and the pleasure-seeker has all he can desire in the way of amusement, 
without annoyance to others. 

i6 



springs 



strength, as do the sulphur waters. The latter 



WATER is abundant and pure, lor this region, like that ;Lbout it, contains a large number of miner 
from the base of the Cumberland Mountains. Not only is an ample supply of spring water I'ound. 
lime and freestone of this district, but medicinal waters are plentiful. 

Many of the springs are rich in iron, and of course vary greatly ir 
are of the familiar kinds, popularly known as black, red, yellow and white, 
and specimens examined were found to contain free sulphur or various 
sulphurets. The escape of sulphurated hydrogen, discovered in two of the 
springs, is very considerable. 

One spring near the Company's property contains alum, in this respect 
resembling the water from the far-famed Virginia sources. The supply of 
water for ordinary purposes is very great, and a large spring of purest water 
upon the Company's property supplies all demands, the flow being estimated 
at several hundred thousand gallons per day, which is stored in a reservoir 
near Hamilton's Peak. 

The two chief medicinal springs in Cumberland Gap Park have been 
known for over a century, and for at least one hundred years Jiave had a great 
local reputation, which dates from the time when the Indians camped about 
their banks: and it has been the custom since, during the summer season, for 
persons from the surrounding country to pitch their tents in the Poor Valley. 
The flow from the Sulphur Spring is over ten thousand gallons per day, and 
from the Chalybeate Spring, a few feet away, about twice that quantity. 



il springs, 
which per 



which run 
colates the 




Prof. R A Witthaus has made a careful examination, transporting a large amount of apparatus for exact investigation on the 
spot, and for the collection of water to be submitted to a quantitative analysis at his laboratory in the University Medical College of 

New York City.* , ■ • u- u -m 

His report shows that the Sulphur Spring is especially rich, containing both sulphur and lithia— a combination which will 

commend itself to physicians as of great value in rheumatic, gastric, cutaneous and nervous disorders. 

The Chalybeate water is well adapted to delicate persons who desire the beneficial effects of iron without any resulting gastric 

disturbance or head fullness. •, r .u 

The two main springs are situated about a mile trom the 
Hotel, and can be reached by comfortable walks or bridle paths, 
so that exercise, a most valuable adjunct, is provided, though 
weak and delicate invalids are supplied with the mineral waters 
at the Sanatorium or Hotel. 

At Hamilton Springs an artistic spring-house and fountain 
have been erected in the midst of a small park, which is less than 
a mile from the Sanatorium. One mile up the valley are the 
Dillwyn Springs, which consist of two black sulphur, one white 
sulphur, and several chalybeate springs. 

No region and no group of mineral springs, even Schwalbach, 
will offer to anaemic invalids the relief that is to be found at Cum- 
berland Gap; and for persons suffering from locomotor ataxia, 
_^_^ as well as other spinal affections, the provision of sulphur water 

and the peculiar character of the climate possess advantages superior to those of Southern France, or other regions which are popular 
with Continental physicians; and for epileptics, the benefits of a locality with this altitude, and the facilities for out-door exercise 
without fatigue, cannot be over-estimated. „,,,■, 

At the sucraestion of Prof Proctor, of the Kentucky State Geological Survey, an artesian well has been bored at very great 
expense, so thatThe Blue Lick water, which is peculiar to this district, it is expected, will be tapped at a point about 1800 feet below 
the surface and beneath the underlying shale. 




* Analyses will be furnished on application. 



Caves 



ON the eastern bank of the Powells River is a large Cave, which has already 
been explored for a distance of nine or ten miles without the end being 
reached. Its discovery by its present owners and opening up is a 
matter of only a few months, although its existence has been known to the 
natives for many years, and during the war it was a place of hiding for refugees 
and deserters from both armies. The writer recently made a tour of inspection 
with Mr. F. Randolph Curtis, and found the existence of many curious and 
beautiful objects of interest. Unlike the Mammoth Cave, it has not suffered at 
the hands of sight-seers, who break off the stalactites and scribble their names 
upon the walls. Little injury or blackening has resulted from the use of torches 
or smoke from other sources, and the exquisite coloring is probably as it always 
has been. From all accounts, the cave is larger than the Mammoth Cave of 
Kentucky, or, in fact, any other cavern in the country, and abounds in the most 
curious and grotesque calcic fo^mations. Very little imagination is required to 
recognize at once the figures of reptiles, animals, heathen gods, and other strange 
things which have been created by the deposition of lime ; and the exquisite 
chambers, filled with massive and graceful columns formed of fringes of small, 
glistening white stalactites, impress the observer more deeply than can any descrip- 
tion. In many of the chambers, which are from so to loo feet in height, are fern-like 
pendants of glistening white or fawn-colored brown, and at different places are 
exquisite springs which empty into a rushing torrent in the western gallery and 
finally into the Powells River, i so feet below. It would seem as if nature had 
provided aids for the sight-seer, for at one point a veritable balustrade of stalag- 
mites borders a steep path to an immense vaulted chamber, containing a petrified 
waterfall, nearly 40 feet in height, that has taken the place nf an actual cataract 
which existed at some remote period. One of the most beautiful form.itions is 

19 




THE HAYSTACK.' 



what is known as "The Haystack," and is about the size of one of those familiar objects, resembling it in shape, but that in the 
Powells River Cave formation is made up of millions of drooping pendants of snowy whiteness. The reader is referred to the Guide 
Book published by the Cave Company for a minute description of details which cannot here be gone into. 

Recent experiments, conducted by Colonel Crump at the Grand Avenue Cave, show that it is possible to conduct the air to 
buildings above the ground, and to maintain a constant temperature with very great atmospheric dryness. The great advances in 
bacteriology have shown how deleterious are the effects of air in which any considerable quantity of dust is suspended and, in fact, 
of the direct relation of dirt to disease. If the air of a large cave, where germ life does not exist to any extent, can be used in 
respiration, there can be no doubt of the fact that not only invalids but all others must thrive much better than under ordinary 
circumstances. Colonel Crump, whose experiments were described in Science, May 9, 1890, was able to keep the air in a building 
located above this cave at a temperature of 50° throughout the year in a properly constructed buiiding. " Although, as far as it is 
known, the proposal to make a therapeutic use of cave air is quite original, it is known that in various parts of Italy dwellings built 
near caves have been ventilated by means of air drawn from the caves by windmills. In Paris, the Palace of the Trocadero is cooled 
by the air drawn from great, disused stone quarries, over which it is built. By means of fans driven by steam-engines, about 
3,000,000 cubic feet of air are forced into' the building each hour, furnishing abundant ventilation for the great auditorium." 

The proximity of the large- cave on the Powells River to our property is one of great value, and it is proposed in time to 
utilize its air. 

Omnibuses run regularly from the Hotel to the Powells River. 



♦ • Historical ♦ ♦ 

NUMEROUS historical associations are connected with this part of the country. The region is full of interest, and possibly 
more stirring events have taken place in the mountain fastnesses of Eastern Tennessee than almost anywhere else in America. 
(^ The early settlers of Kentucky first found their way through the Cumberland Gap, and Dr. Walker, of North Carolina, in 

1747, discovered the state of Kentucky, and gave to the mountains their present name. 

Charles Dudley Warner, in an interesting article in Harper's Monthly Magaiine for January, 1889, says: 

" In 1779, Virginia resolved to construct a wagon-road through the wilderness, but no road was made for many years afterward, 
and indeed no vehicle of any sort passed over it until a road was built by action of the Kentucky Legislature in 1796. 

"At the time of the settlement, New-York west of the Hudson, Western Pennsylvania and Western Virginia, were almost 
unoccupied, except by hostile Indians; there was only chance and dangerous navigation down the Ohio from Pittsburgh, and it was 
nearly eight hundred miles of a wilderness road, which was nothing but a bridle-path, from Philadelphia by way of the Cumberland 
Gap to Central Kentucky. The majority of immigrants came this toilsome way, which was, after all, preferable to the river route, 
and all passengers and produce went that way eastward, for the steamboat had not yet made the ascent of the Ohio feasible." 

Curious as it may seem, this wild and lonelv region, which until a year or two ago did not contain half a dozen houses, was 
at one time, just before the Revolution, occupied by a fair number of people. Some workmen, while excavating for the Middlesborough 
Hotel, found a curious flat stone which covered the remains of Colonel Campbell, a Revolutionary officer and patriot. 

The peaceful valley which is now the property of the Cumberland Gap Park Company, in which the town of Harrogate is 
situated, was less than a quarter of a century ago the scene of some rather active fighting. The Southern army was forced down 
from Kentucky through the Cumberland Gap, and Day's battalion, which included the Twelfth Confederate Cavalry, remained in 
stubborn possession of the Powells River Valley. The cavalrymen had been defeated at Perrysville, and subsequently were driven to 
Murfreesborough, where they joined Johnstone. As a commentary upon the change that has taken place, an incident that suggests 
the conversion of the sword into the plowshare, it may be stated upon the authority of G. B. Hayes, a Southern soldier now at work 
upon the Company's buildings, that one of the Northern batteries was thrown up upon the site of the present Sanatorium, and 
successfully drove Hayes's company from the woods beyond. Besides other positions, Hamilton's Peak was occupied by the Northern 



forces with a battery, and many of the projectiles and grapeshot that have been turned up by the plows in the Hotel gardens were 
thrown from this elevation. 

Most of the refugees passed through Cumberland and Baptist Gaps, and after the battle of Walden's Ridge, fourteen miles 
south, there was quite an exodus through the latter. 

Every inch of the country was contested for by the opposing forces, and when they withdrew it was taken possession of by 
the bushwhackers and camp-followers. Many a weary prisoner has found his way, traveling by night over the Gap road, and 
hiding by day in the woods or in the many curious caverns, one of which strikingly resembles that described by J. T. Trowbridge 
in his clever war story, " Cudjoe's Cave." 

To the historian and anthropologist, Cumberland Gap and its environs will prove of the greatest interest, for the original settlers 
themselves are an exceedingly interesting people. Prior to the settlement of the Yellow Creek Valley, the natives practically made 
their own laws and did about as they chose. While punctilious to the last degree, honorable and generous to a fault, they placed 
little value upon human life, and indulged in the feuds which were so common in certain parts of the South and Southwest. No 
Corsican vendetta was more fierce than some of those which have resulted in the extermination of certain families in this immediate 
region. Happily, since the influx of settlers and the influence of civilization, this violence is largely a thing of the past, and many of the 
survivors are prosperous and useful members of the community. 

Mr. Warner's charming description of a ride he took through Cumberland Gap, before the developments of the English syndicate, 
is appended, and conveys a faint idea of the beautiful scenery of the region: 

"We drove from Pineville to Cumberland Gap, thirteen miles, over the now neglected Wilderness Road, the two mules of the 
wagon unable to pull us faster than two miles an hour. The road had every variety of badness conceivable — loose stones, ledges of 
rock, boulders, sloughs, holes, mud, sand, deep fords. We crossed and followed up Clear Creek (a muddy stream) over Log 
Mountain (full of coal) to Canon Creek. Settlements were few — only occasional poor shanties. Climbing over another ridge, we 
reached the Yellow Creek Valley, through which the Yellow Creek meanders in sand. The north side of Cumberland Mountain, like 
the south side of Pine, is a conglomerate, covered with superb oak and chestnut trees. We climbed up to the mountain over a winding 
road of ledges, boulders, and deep gullies, rising to an extended, pleasing prospect of mountains and valleys. The pass has an historic 
interest, not only as the ancient highway, but as the path of armies in the civil war. It is narrow; a deep road between overhanging 
rocks. It is easily defended. A light bridge thrown over the road, leading to the riflepits and breastworks on the north side, remains 
to attest the warlilje occupation. Above, on the bald, highest rocky head on the north, guns were planted to command the pass. 
Two or three houses, a blacksmith's shop, a drinking tavern, behind which on the rocks four men were playing old sledge, made up 
the sum of its human attractions as we saw it. 



"Just here in the pass Kentucky, Tennessee and Virginia touch each other. Virginia inserts a narrow wedge between the 
other two. On our way down the wild and picturesque road we cross the State of Virginia. . . . We passed a magnificent spring, 
which sends a torrent of water into the valley, and turns a great millwheel — a picture in its green setting — saw the opening of the 
tunnel, with its shops and machinery, noted the few houses and company stores of the new settlement, climbed the hill and sat down 
to look at the scene. The view is a striking one. The valley through which the Powells River runs is pleasant, and the bold, bare 
mountain of rock at the right of the pass is a noble feature in the landscape. With what joy must the early wilderness pilgrims have 
hailed this landmark, this gateway to the Paradise beyond the mountains! Some miles north in the range are the White Rocks, 
gleaming in the sun and conspicuous from afar, the first signal to the weary travelers from the east of the region they sought. The 

valleys and sides of these mountain ranges (which have a uniform elevation 
of not much more than 2000 to 2soo feet) enjoy a delightful climate, moderate 
in the winter and temperate in the summer. This whole region, when it is 
accessible by rail, will be attractive to tourists." 

The Pinnacle itself has always been used as a place for observation by 
the Indians and scouts, for the view from its crest is surpassed by none in 
America for panoramic effect. 

Before the war the Gap was a favorite highway for settlers emigrating 
to the far West, and over its beautiful roads most of the Southern planters 
journeyed from the southwest to the springs of Virginia and the Atlantic 
seaboard. These journeyings were expensive and luxurious, for in ante- 
bellum days there was an extravagance and luxury which has never been 
seen since. People came from New Orleans in coaches and four, and camped 
at night by the roadside with all the paraphernalia and magnificence of an 
Eastern caravan. 

The forerunner of the present summer cottage is to be found at a neigh- 
boring spa in the form of a curious Continental little building, which was 
occupied by the Hamptons just after the Revolution, and at which General 
Washington was often entertained. 




THE PINNACLE.' 



During the War 



A~>^ UMBERLAND GAP was a great strategic point, and its geography will repay an extended study. The Gap itself was 
( (. held no less than seven times by either army, and Mr. Lincoln considered it so important that he recommended the 
^"^ construction of a railroad to Cumberland Gap, but this was never begun. It was always heavily fortified, and to-day 
the remains of no less than fifteen large earthworks attest the importance of the defense. Even now many sad reminders of the 
desperate fraternal war are being unearthed ; the shovel of the railway laborer or the busy settler almost every day turns up bullets, 
pieces of shell, battered and twisted muskets, corroded brass belt plates, and occasionally the bones of some unfortunate soldier who 
was hastily buried beneath three feet of soil. On the side of Pinnacle Mountain, and elsewhere, the relic hunter has found broken 
o-un-carriages and abandoned guns, canteens and other implements of war, some of which are to be found in the Exhibition Hall 
of the Company at Middlesborough. 



ftiinKKir'i'itiy Poi.\ts 



Q>Uj\fB£riL-Ar-W QAf 




Hunting and Fishing 



/^"V AME is abundant in this region, and despite the incursions of outsiders, the noisy hammer of the carpenter, or the puffing 
I /-__ of the locomotive, the birds have not been driven away from their familiar haunts and are still within easy reach. Common 
^— ^ quail, or " Bob White" (cortiiiiix vulgaris), is perhaps the most abundant, and it is no uncommon thing for four guns to 
bring in 160 birds a day. Grouse and partridge, though more scarce, are frequently met with in the Cumberland Mountains. Snipe 
of many varieties stop i« their (light, and in certain seasons of the year are very numerous. The wild turkey (meleagris gallopavo) 
is often seen, and is more common in this region than in western North Carolina; fourteen have been killed this year upon the 

Company's property, and at a point not a quarter of a mile distant from the site of the 
Hotel. Woodcock are scarce, though occasionally found, and the same may be said of 
larger game. CLuail shooting may be pursued in the manner so common in this country, 
namely, on horseback; and to those who have not tried this kind of shooting the experi- 
ence is a decidedly agreeable one, and is equally well suited to invalids who are unable 
to tramp through the fields. 

A vast quantity of small game, which some sportsmen may consider beneath their 
notice, may tempt persons of less exacting tastes, and considerable sport is to be derived 
from the amount of " 'coons and 'possums " ; while the possessor of his first gun will find 
gray and red squirrel, meadow larks, -and a great number ol small birds upon which to 
try his prowess. 

Upon the Powells River, in season, a goodly assemblage of ducks of many varieties 
arc to be obtained by going four or five miles. 

In the mountains, several miles away, deer and bear exist in considerable numbers, and are occasionally brought into Middles- 
borough and Pineville. In fact, less than a year ago a fine buck was killed in the main street of the latter city. But the lazy sportsman 
can nearly always fmd shooting in the forests, or the hills around the Company's property. In the Powells River and the small 
mountain creeks, trout, bass, pickerel and other fish may be taken by the angler. Competent guides can be obtained by application 
at the office of the Hotel. 

Fox-hunting, introduced by the English settlers of this region, is indulged in many times a year, and it is proposed regularly to 
have " meets" during the Winter season. • 




Prehistoric 



INDIAN and prehistoric remains are found everywhere in this neighborhood, and in several places in the Yellow Creek Valley large 
mounds have been excavated, and many curious relics unearthed. At one, almost in the center of the city of Middlesborough, 
the writer in 1888 found a large number of human bones lying between strata of charcoal, and in various places were collections 
of rude pottery similar in some respects to that of Aztec make, stone beads and curious small plaques of stone from one to two inches 
in diameter. There were also conch shells which evidently had been brought from the seacoast at some remote period. 

A reference to the Smithsonian reports, and other literature on the subject, will enable the reader to learn much of the habits of 
the aborigines of Eastern Tennessee and Western Kentucky, whose mounds are plentiful throughout this part of the country. The 
proximity of Central Kentucky will place the visitor, whose tastes lead him to explore and study the prehistoric relics which abound, 
near the various saline springs, licks, and sink-holes, where human and mammoth remains have been exhumed from time to time 
during late years. 



* * Places of Interest and Drives in the Neighborhood ♦ ♦ 

¥ACADAM1ZED roads have been built during the past two years, so now, unlike most Southern Winter resorts, the region 
about Cumberland Gap possesses the advantages of abundant focilities for driving and walking. With the cooperation of 
the American Association and the Harrogate Town Company, almost twenty miles of good roads of this character have 
been constructed or are in process of construction, and the visitor is enabled to make excursions to the many points of interest in the 
neighborhood. To those who have spent their Winters in the South, and have been confined to hotel piazzas when the mud in the 
ordinary roads was over their shoe tops, or when even riding or driving was uncomfortable or 
dangerous the advantage of this condition will be seen at a glance. 

In addition to these roads numerous bridle paths have been made through the woods in all 
directions, and one of them along the crest of the Poor Valley ridge leads to Hamilton's Peak, which 
commands a view nearly eighty miles in extent. 

Hamilton Springs, li mile. Arthur, i mile. City of Middlesborough. s miles. Yellow Creeli. Valley. 
■ s miles. This drive should include a visit to the mammoth open hearth Basic Steel plant of the Watts 
Steel and Iron Syndicate; and the important mines and industrial plants of this young city; a ride 
upon the Belt Railroad; and a drive to Bennett's Fork and Stoney Fork Gulches. 

Beside these drives, numerous excursions may be made on horseback, and visitors are recom- 
mended to inspect the Mingo Mountain and other coal mines, as well as the iron mines upon the 
property of the American Association, the works of the Cumberland Gap Ice Company, etc., etc. 
Powells River. 4 miles. Powells River Cave. a'A mi'es. A whole day should be taken for this 
^^^^^^_ trip and in fact two or three days may be devoted to the inspection of the great chambers of the vast 
^ i^^H^^I cavern The Powells River Cave Company will provide guides and all the facilities for explorations. 
^^^^^^^^ ' Tarewell, 12 miles. Tazewell is a most interesting old revolutionary town which was founded 
by Irish refuc^ees toward the end of the last century. It contains several curious old brick mansions, 
a Court House, and the public gallows. Much%f the old town was destroyed by fire during the war, but enough remains to reward 

'^' '''The beautiful Clinch River, distance 6 miles. The Pinnacle. 2 miles. King Solomon's Cave. .,■. miles. Pilluyn Springs. ./. 
miles. Fortifications of Cumberland Gap, 2 miles. 




* ♦ How to Reach Cumberland Gap Park ♦ ♦ 

SEVERAL railroads run through the tunnel beneath the Gap and stop at Harrogate Station or Cumberland Gap Station, near 
the Park. 
Cumberland Gap may be reached from the North and Northeast by the Pennsylvania, Shenandoah Valley, or Richmond 
& Danville, via Norfolk & Western and Louisville & Nashville R. R. (Harrogate Station) ; or, via Knoxville, Cumberland Gap & 
Louisville R. R. to station in Park. 

From Cincinnati by the Louisville & Nashville R. R., by way of Louisville and Middlesborough, or else by the Queen & Crescent, 
or Central Kentucky to Junction City or Livingston, where connection is made with the Louisville & Nashville. 
From Knoxville and the South by the Knoxville, Cumberland Gap & Louisville R. R. 
Pullman Buffet Sleeping Cars and Chair Parlor Cars are run from principal points. 

Distance, Cumberland Gap. 

From Chicago, S4i miles, via Louisville, New Albany & Chicago R. R. (Mono Route) to Louisville, thence Louisville & Nashville R. R. 
Louisville, 219 miles, via Louisville & Nashville R. R. 
Cincinnati, 329 miles. 
Knoxville, 69 miles. 

Chattanooga, 181 miles, via East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. to Knoxville. 
Asheville, N. C, 141 miles, via East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. to Knoxville. 
Hot Springs, N. C, 107 miles, via East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. to Knoxville. 
St. Augustine, Fla., 721 miles, via Jacksonville, St. Augustine & Halifax River R. R. to Jacksonville, Savannah, Florida & 

Western R. R. to Jessup, Ga. ; and East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R. R. to Knoxville. 
Washington, D. C, 576 miles. 
Philadelphia, 712 miles. 
New York, 802 miles. 
Boston, 1036 miles. 



Time, Cumberland Gap. 

From I.oiiis\-ill(.', ii hours: Cincinn^iti, i^luuirs: Kno.wille, 4 ' j houis; Ashcvillc, 10 hours: St. Augustine, jii hoLirs: New York. 
28 hours: Boston, ;4 hours. 

The routes from the North ;ind East bring the tourist through much of the territory which was fought over during the late war. 
The country traversed by either the Norfolk & Western or Richmond & Danville Railroads is full of the most exquisite scenery, and 
the traveler may stop over on the way at many of the famous watering-places of Virginia or North Carolina. Cumberland Gap is in 
the direct line of travel from the West and Northwest, and should be visited by everyone who makes the tour of the southern cities. 
It is in the circle of winter and summer resorts, which includes the White Sulphur and Warm Springs of Virginia, Old Point Comfort, 
Virginia Beach, Asheville, and Warm Springs of North Carolina, Lookout Mountain, Tampa and St. Augustine, besides many other 
popular places. 

Visitors to the World's Fair, therefore, should include this exquisite place in their itinerary. 

For plans of rooms, terms, or other particulars, address 

Mr. henry CLAIR, 

Harrogate, Tenn., ui' ^8 William Street, New York Citv. 




opinions and Press Notices 



A prominent retired English General who has served in various parts of the 
world says "it is the best all-the-year-around climate " he has ever known. 



"This country, to which this International Association of Medical Men have 
resolved to send their patients, and in which certainly the most elaborate sanatorium 
in the world is now in process of construction, was within three years as wild and 
uncivilized, as it is even now as picturesque, as any of the famous Tennessee mountain 
landscapes described by Charles Egbert Craddock, in that ' Great Smoky ' range 
which is dimly visible in the, distance." 

—NEW YORK HERALD, Sunday, April 12, 1S91. 



"Among the attractive drawings now on e.xhibition by the Architectural 
League at Ortgie's Gallery are two clever designs of ' The Four Seasons,' a great 
structure to be erected near the sanatorium of the Cumberland Gap Park Association 
in the region where the Duke of Marlborough, is said to be planning extensive 
investments. The Messrs, Mertz, who constructed the New York Academy of Design, 
and other well-known buildings here, have just begvin work on ' The Four Seasons ' 
Hotel, the designs for which were made by W. B. Bigelow, formerly a partner of 
McKim, Mead & White, and one of the highest honor men in his class in the Ecole 
des Beaux Arts. Down in this corner, where Tennessee, Kentucky and Virginia 
come together, the climate is so mild that open-air work is entirely practicable even 
at this season, and the Gap Park Association, of which some of the most distinguished 
doctors of London, New York and Philadelphia are members, will put a thousand 
men to work at once on its buildings." 

—NEW YORK WORLD, January 6, 1891. 



Gap. 



" The contract has been let for the great hotel and sanatorium at Cumberland 
It is to cost, when ready and finished for opening, about $750,000." 

—HOTEL GAZETTE, New York, January 4, iSqi. 



" The idea was conceived some time ago to build an immense sanatorium at 
Cumberland Gap, down in Tennessee, for the benefit of people with weak lungs and 
other troubles. It is being built by a syndicate of doctors, and when finislied the 
doctors will send their patients to Cumberland Gap instead of to Carlsbad, the 
Riviera and other health resorts." 

—CONTINENT, New York City, February 15, 1S91. 



"... It is to be an international affair, and that Drs. McLane, 
Hamilton and Fordyce Barker of New York, Dr. Pepper of Philadelphia, Dr. Cooper 
of London, and medical men of equal prominence and standing in the leading cities 
of the world, are associated in the enterprise." 

—TRANSCRIPT, Peoria, Ills., February 25, 1891. 



" A number of fashionable practitioners, it is said, have purchased a tract of 

choice land in the vicinity of Cumberland Gap, Tenn Upon it they propose to 

build a big sanatorium, and when a patient becomes a victim of ennui, inst&d of a 

voyage over sea to Carlsbad or a prescription of California ozone, he will be bundled 

off to this resort." 

—DAILY TIMES, Troy, N. Y., March 17, 1891. 



"Medical men of prominence and standing in the leading cities of the world " The climate at Cumberland Gap is considered by experts to be the linest 

■ are associated in the enterprise." " and healthiest In the country.'' 

—TIMES, Chicago, Ills., February :!4, 1891. —CINCINNATI G.^ZETTE, May 10, 1891. 



" On January 1 , there will be opened at Harrogate, near Middlesborough, Ky., 
one of the largest and finest-appointed resort hotels in the world. It will be known 
as 'The Four Seasons,' and its management will be in the hands of Henry Clair, 
who conducted the Grand Union at Saratoga. As tlie name of the hotel indicates, 
it will be kept open all the year." 

—CHICAGO HERALD, September 20, 1801. 



" We recognize a defect that has been met with in similar establishments, 
where the attempt has been made to put the sick people and the well people together. 
We propose to make an unsurpassed health resort, suitable for both sick and well 
people, and where the well need not necessarily dwell near the sick people, but 
may be near them. The hotel and sanatorium will be entirely distinct, and each 
will be made as nearly as possible complete in all the luxuries of a first-class home 
and a luxurious hotel or a perfect hospital. The sanitary features will be modelled on 
the Johns Hopkins Hospital as far as possible. There will be a staff of competent 
physicians, both English and American, with hospital experience. The head of the 
Gymnastic School of Stockholm has been engaged to superintend the b.iths and 
massage treatment. There will be a system of Turkish and plunge baths unsurpassed 
in the world . . . Well people will not be shocked with that clustering of 
invalids on the piazzas or the baking in overheated rooms that is sometimes to be 
met with in such places." 

—Interview in THE NEW Y')RK SUN, March 20, 1S91. 



" ' 1 see the doctors are going to build a big sanatorium at ('umberland Gap,' 
said David W. Reed, of Nantahala, N. C, at the Metropolitan Hotel. ' Well, it will 
be a great success. My home is in the smoky mountains not very far from the Gap, 
and 1 don't believe there is a country on the surface of the earth that for healthfulness 
and natural beauty can surpass it." 

—EVENING TELEGRAM, April 14, iSoi. 



"Henry Clair, who for a number of years was manager of the Grand Union 
Hotel, Saratoga, the Park Avenue, Metropolitan and other hotels belonging to the 
Stewart estate in this city, was yesterday appointed manager of the Cumberland Gap 
Hotel, Tennessee, a new house belonging to the Cumberland Gap Park Company, a 
syndicate of English and American capitalists which proposes building a sanatorium 
and health resort similar to the German resorts such as Carlsbad, etc." 

—New York EVENING SUN, March tS, 1S91. 



" So much has been written about this really remarkable enterprise, and so 
much misinformation has been disseminated in connection with it, that the facts have 
considerable interest attaching to them. The stockholders in the company which is 
building the Cumberland Gap Park Sanatorium, Casino and Hotel, have already 
expended about $2,000,000 in securing what these international medical experts 
declare to be the best sanitary location in the United States — in grading and road- 
making through the surrounding hills and valleys, building conduits and great 
swimming reservoirs for the mineral waters found in abundance in the vicinity, building 
and equipping, on a millionaire scale, the Hotel itself, with its enormous pleasure 
grounds ; the Casino, which has been artistically modelled on the famous halls and 
gardens of Monte Carlo, and the neighboring but entirely separate Sanatorium. A bare 
detail of what has been done in the way of moving great masses of earth and stone, 
building and equipping edifices supposed to embody the very latest achievements of 
the architect and engineer, developing natural beauties and providing every conceivable 
artificial one, would be interesting enough no doubt for the readers of a technical 
publication ; but it would undoubtedly astonish readers of all kinds." 

—NEW YORK ADVERTISER, July 19, 1891. 



" The resort question is one of the most complicated and interesting before 
the American public. First came the Summer resort, and after that people who 
had a healthy purse and an ailing body found the necessity of Winter resorts. 
They in turn were succeeded by sanitary resorts, open the year round, and tlie last 
period of development shows perennial pleasure houses and grounds where in January 
and June alike, tonics and tennis, cards and coquetry, appetite and avoirdupois 
may be pursued with success. The medical delegates to the last International 
Congress in this country, especially those who had and have occasion to prescribe to 
large circles of wealthy and interesting hypochondriacs, spent a great deal of their 
stay in the States in traveling through such American health centers as Colorado 
Springs; AsheviUe, N. C. ; Ailien, S. C, St. Augustine, Saratoga, Lakewood, Bedford 
Springs, and the Hot, Healing and Warm Springs in Virginia. ^They said they were 
tired of recommending their patients to go in search of the health they fancied they 
needed, as well as the physical restoration they were really in want of, to such famous 
old world cures as Vichy, Kissengen, Carlsbad, Aix, Trouville, Nice and the Riviera 
'n general. They avowed a particular inclination to discover some spot in this wonder 
land of ours which might fairly be considered, from a professional point of view, to 
combine most of the advantages of these places. In such a frame of mind, it was 
not unnatural for a number of the most distinguished of them to fall readily into the 
plan of founding such a sanatorium in the mountains of Tennessee, near Cumberland 
Gap. . . ." 

—SUNDAY ADVERTISER, July lo, iSoi. 



" Where such a place e.xists nature has done almost everything and is only 
waiting for the careful business man to work out the rest of the problem. . . . 
Where once the Indians from the pinnacle of Cumberland Gap viewed a sunrise over 
four states, and saw nothing but endless and trackless forest, stretching east and west, 
north and south, in green undulations, we can now see in the valleys around the 
Gap villages and towns springing up as if by magic." 

—ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS, April 25, 1S91. 



" The whole of this river scenery right up to Asheville, in the middle of the 
Smoky Range, is of unsurpassed beauty, the latter place being one of the favorite 
winter resorts of America, the winters being somewhat similar to the climate of the 
European Riviera. . . . These climatic advantages e,\tend all up the Tennessee 
Valley, and the new town of Middlesborough is developing a large sanatorium outside 
the mountain pass, in the middle of the broad Clinch Valley, which is to be called 
Harrogate, and where a hotel of colossal proportions and especial luxury for invalids 
is being constructed at the present time. . . . It is worth noticing that the 
isotherm of the northern portion of the State of New York descends along the 
AUeghanies and follows up the Valley of the Norfolk and Western for several hundred 
miles ; the climate, therefore, of Tennessee is quite unrivalled in the United States, 
and this fact will have a great bearing on future development." 

—Article by Duke of MaYlborough in NEW YORK HERALD, May 10, 1S91. 



" Harrogate is destined to be a familiar word in the vocabulary of tourists 
and invalids, if the hopes of its promoters are realized. The little community lies 
within easy walking distance of Cumberland Gap railroad station — indeed the 
splendid historic range forms the setting for this health resort. The Harrogate Land 
company makes the splendid roads — they are like those at Tuxedo, as smooth and 
hard as polished rock ; and the Cumberland Gap Park Company engineers the hotel 
enterprises. There is no dearth of capital ; indeed it will be difficult to narrate the 
magnificence of the inn, already a popular home for northerners, and of the palatial 
" Four Seasons" Hotel and the Sanatorium half a mile away. The " Inn" occupies 
the site of one- recently burned, and said to have been equally fine. The scenery 
is grand and inspiring ; the hunting is excellent ; and the healthfulness of the place 
is pronounced marked and unexcelled. Into this new hotel, perched on a splendid 
altitude, the company is investing over $300,000. The building is approaching 
completion and will be ready for patronage within three months. Its front is 750 feet 
long, forming three sides of an octagon, completed by a plaza. It is four stories high, 
five on the main wing ; and the face is a beautiful buff cement of rough cast. It has 
a central tower, supplemented by other striking decorations. The dining-room on 




*THIRl)R.O0ffPLAfi 



GjimijMlariaG«^B>rJcCoJ5 Hotel; 




Xou:t*Oca.sons 
Oiii^crlan-aGapBxrkCostecl. 



youfVTHKao»^KA 







Bl-^thK-^-Ra 



the first floor (the kitchen is on the top floor), is i28x=;o feet, extended 2'i feet by a 
winter porch. The office, ns in nil these modern southern hotels, is a stately yet 
comlortable hall, designed as a lounging place for the ladies and children as well as 
for the men. It is 0^x7^ feet. The parlor is of equal generous proportions. 
Orchestral music will be frequent. The " Four Seasons " (so called because'it is to 
be open all the year round) will make its own ice, and of course have an electric 
plant. Three eighty-horse-power engines will furnish power for many purposes. 
An extensive system of waterworks leads the flowing crystal from the mountains. 
From the veranda one has a view that will amply reward northerners for a journey 
to this new Asheville on the Kentucky-Tennessee boundary. So confident is the 
company at the back of this enterprise of the coming popularity of Harrogate (taken 
from the English — a number of wealthy Englishmen being in the company) that an 
elaborate sanatorium is being constructed near to the " Four Seasons." It is built and 
faced with the same material ; and ingeniously located on sharply rising ground, no 



stair climbing being necessary. The invalid can step from the ground into the fourth 
story, if he or she desires. Drs. Hamilton, Curtis and others who stand high in 
New York medical circles arc interested in this enterprise. The idea is for them and 
other physicians to dispatch to Harrogate those of their well-to-do patients who will 
he benefited by the royal climate of the place. Common sense creeps out in the 
equipment of the building. Patients are to bask in the sunlight, domes of glass 
concentrating the rays ; systematic gymnasium work will be provided ; and all the 
approved fads as to the fresh air and heat radiation are embodied in practice. 
Physicians' rooms, a pharmacy, a gymnasium, luxurious baths — medicated, massage 
and other forms, with a great plunge pool that compares favorably with the marble 
wonder in Flagler's Casino at St. Augustine — tepedari (hot rooms), a solarium, patients' 
rooms and other apartments occupy the space in this remarkable building. The 
altitude is 1,320 above sea level." 

—NEW HAVEN PALLADIUM^ Januarys, 1S92. 



NORFOLK & WESTERN RAILROAD. 

♦ ♦ THE SHENA>JDOAH VALLEY ROUTE ♦ ♦ 

TO 

Harrogate and Cumberland Gap Park. 

Only One Change of Cars from New York, Philadelphia and Washington. 

PULLflAN BUFFET SLEEPERS 

NEW YORK TO NEW ORLEANS, -$1@[^ 

Via PHILADELPHIA, UARRISBURG & ROANOKE ; 

WASHINQTON TO IVLEMRHIS, 

^!(o)j!^ Via ROANOKE & CHATTANOOGA, 

CONNECTING AT ROANOKE WITH THROUGH PULLMAN SLEEPERS TO 

HARROGATE, CUMBERLAND GAP, MIDDLESBOROUGH and LOUISVILLE. 



For all information as to reservation of berths, through tickets, schedules, etc., apply to 
T. J. ELLIS, Easieyn Passenger Agent, C. P. GAITHER. E. J. LOCKWOOD, Passenger Agent, 

303 Broadway, New York. 290 Washington St., Boston, Mass. 1433 Penna. Ave., Washington, D. C. 

W. B. BEVILL, Gen'l Passenger Agent, Roanoke, Va. 



Cumberland Gap • Park 

(HHRROGHTe) 

Is located on the Cumberland Valley Division of the Great 

Louisville & Nashville R. R. 

220 miles from Louisville, and 235 miles from Cincinnati. 

All lines from 
BUFFALO, CLEVELAND, DETROIT, PITTSBURG, TOLEDO. COLUMBUS, 

and all cities North and East connect in Cincinnati ^ 

with morning; train nut of that city **?* 

Through to Harrogate without change. 

All lines from 
CHICAGO, INDIANAPOLIS, ST. PAUL, MINNEAPOLIS, ST. LOUIS, KANSAS CITY, 

and all cities North and West, connect in Louisville with both 
^•^ morning and evening trains out nf that city 

Through to Harrogate without change. 

All information cheerfully furnished by 

S F B MOR^F, Division Passenger A^ent, GY.O. V.. IIOK-U'E.K, Divisio,, Passenger Agenl, i:.-EO. \.. CKO^'i, X. IV. Passenger Agen:, 

Cincinnati, O. ' St. Louis, Mo. Chicago, 111. 

V. VAN DEN BERC, 7 raffic .Ua,iag.-r. C. V. ATMORE, Cener.i/ Passenger Ageiil, 

Louisville, Ky. 

35 



■THE- 



East Tennessee, Virginia & Georgia R'y, 



THE DIRECT LINE TO 



4 CUMBERLAND • GAP • PARK l^ 

FROM 

^EW ORIxEANS, MEMPHIS, ST- ^USUSTJNK, JAgl^SONYIIiIiE. 
ATUA^TA ^ eyATTANOOSA, 

WITH tHrouqh f'ullivian bukkex sleeping oars 

NEW ORLEANS to KNOXVILLE, 

MEMPHIS to KNOXVILLE, 

ST. AUGUSTINE to CHATTANOOGA, 

ATLANTA to KNOXVILLE, 
SAVANNAH to ATLANTA. 

For information as to rates, time tables, etc., apply to 



C. A. B'ENSCOrER, Asst. Gen'/ Passeng-i^r Age)!/, - Knoxville, Tenn 

C. N. KIGHT, Ass/. Gm/ Passenger Agent, ■ - Atlanta, Ga. 

L. A. BELL, Asst. Gen'/ Passenger Agen/, - - - Selma, Ala. 

C. A. D'ESAVSSVRK, Ass'/ Ge>i'/ Passenger Agen/, - - Memphis, Tenii. 



J. C. ANDREWS, Gen'/ Sou/kern Passenger Agent, ■ New Ofleans, La. 
F. M. JOLLY, District Passenger Agent, - - - Jacksonville, Fla. 

J. C. SHAW, District Passenger Agent, - - Savannah, Ga. 



B. W. WRENN, Gen'l Passenger and Ticket Agent, Knoxville, Tenn. 

36 



All of the 
CUMBERLAND GAP PARK COHPANY'S BUILDINGS 

were erected by 

GEO. MERTZ'S SONS, 

ConIr<\cfor5 M Builcler5, 

Manufacturers of Fine Cabinets, Stairs and Hantle Work, 

LOUIS C. MERTZ, po^^ CHESTER, 

GEO. E. MERTZ, © 

FRANK C. MERTZ. >]e\v YoRK. 



The Plumbing of the 

**Four Seasons" Hotel and Sanatorium 

was furnished by 

M. LEINAU, 

III South Seventh Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 



The Steam Heat and Power of the 

"Four Seasons" Hotel and Sanatorium 

furnished by 

PHILLIPS, DOUP & CO., 



Manuractuiers .iiul Contractors. 
STEAH AND HOT WATER 



HEATING AND VENTILATING APPARATUS, 

PEARL AND WATER STREETS, 

Hans a,ul Specilkations Inin.ishea. BROOKLYN, N. Y. 



FR. BBCK & CO., 

7th Avenue, cor. 29th St., ) ^, „ , 
5th Avenue, cor. 30th St., r^^ Y^-"*^- 

INTERIOR DECORATIONS. MANUFACTURERS OF WALL PAPER. 

THE tax on the skill and intelligence of designers to keep pace with the growth of a more artistic feeling in the decoration of ■Homes 
has resulted in a perfection of form and color never before reached in this country. We invite the attention and inspection of all 
interested to our collection of materials for this purpose, which is more varied than ever. 

The specialties shown are : Wall-hangings of linen printed in quaint tapestry designs. Also Linen Embossed and decorated and 
backed with paper. Satin hangings, printed with designs in velvet, also backed with paper ; easily applied to the wall, and more brilliant 
than Satin Damasks. 

We are the only manufacturers in the U. S. of Cretonne papers with Cretonnes to match. We are prepared to furnish sketches 
showing the effect of wall and ceiling treatment, and are at all times ready to assume the entire charge of work in any part of the country, 
or to send either salesmen, foremen, or workmen to further any portion of any work our patrons may be pleased to intrust to us. 

ONLY MANUFACTURERS IN THE UNITED STATES • 




The demand for this most practical of all solid relief material has never been so great. New and complete sets of designs for walls 
and ceilings are shown in the styles of LOUIS XI. and XVI. Also ceilings in FLEMISH and GOTHIC. 

40 



THE entire Cooking Apparatus for 
this Hotel was furnished by 

Messrs. Bramhall, Deane & Co., 

of New York and Chicag-o. 

Correspondence in reference to Hotel 
Kitchen Outfits requested. 



H. J. REEDY'S PATENT "CLIMAX" 

STEAM PASSENGER ELEVATORS 




A MARKED ADVANCE IN MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING. 

New principles introduced which have met the approval of the best Engineers and Architects. Any speed, smooth motion, 

absolute safety, economy in operation and maintenance. _„„ ,.,^„.,„ 

■" -^ H. J. REEDY'S ELEVATOR WORKS, 

8th, Lock and Cleveland Sts., CINCINNATI, OHIO. 

42 



'THE PORTER 



ELECTRIC 



MESSENGER. 




. Office . 

niLFORD, - CONNECTICUT. 




After a very thorough 
examination of tiie various 
systems of annunciators, we 
selected this as the best for 
our service. 




I^ational eiec+ric Mf^. (Jo., 

14 and 16 VESEY STREET, 
NEW YORK. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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